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Tabela 1. Typowe i nietypowe objawy zakażenia Mycoplasma pneumoniae u dzieci i dorosłych (z częstością występowania)
Notably, mucocutaneous manifestations occur in approximately 25% of patients with M pneumonia infections. These syndromes include cold-agglutinin hemolytic anemia, arthritis, pericarditis, thrombosis, and mucocutaneous manifestations. Bitcoin is a decentralized cryptocurrency that uses peer-to-peer technology and a blockchain to record transactions. Some of the top crypto hot wallets include Exodus, Electrum and Mycelium. Ocular mucosal damage occurs in 8.9% of patients with MIRM, resulting in conjunctival shrinkage, corneal ulcerations, blindness, ocular synechiae, and loss of eyelashes. Within MIRM, 3 types differ in their cutaneous, non-mucosal rash patterns Laboratory assessment for the cause of pneumonia should include testing for elevated M pneumoniae IgM antibodies, detecting M pneumoniae from oropharyngeal or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or bullae cultures, or obtaining serum cold agglutinins. Therefore, clinicians must remain vigilant, particularly in cases of refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, as alternative antibiotic regimens may need to be considered. Although specific treatment guidelines are not tailored for MIRM, patients diagnosed with the condition often exhibit evidence of atypical pneumonia and may, therefore, benefit from antibiotic treatment. Severe cases of MIRM with extensive skin detachment may necessitate early transfer to a burn center. Skin detachment ranging from 10% to 30% overlaps between SJS and TEN, whereas skin detachment exceeding 30% meets the criteria for TEN. The amount of skin detachment determines the extent of SJS/TEN—SJS involves less than 10% skin detachment. Extensive mucous membrane involvement affecting 2 or more mucosal sites is common. Although the transmission patterns of MIRM are not well-established, it is advisable for patients and close contacts of suspected M pneumoniae pulmonary infection to implement basic infection control measures, including droplet transmission precautions. In addition, it is important to keep cutaneous lesions as clean as possible to prevent secondary bacterial infection. Patients diagnosed with MIRM should be informed about the potential for painful mucosal lesions, which can lead to dehydration and limit oral nutrient intake.- Cutaneous non-mucosal rashes have been reported in 47% of MIRM cases, and if absent, the condition is classified as MIRM sine rash.
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- SJS/TEN manifests as a rash characterized by macules, purpura, diffuse erythema, atypical target lesions, and numerous flaccid blisters.
- Therefore, clinicians must remain vigilant, particularly in cases of refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, as alternative antibiotic regimens may need to be considered.
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- These differences can aid in the differentiation of MIRM from other cutaneous reactions.
- Rare complications include persistent cutaneous lesions, B-cell lymphopenia, restrictive lung disease, and chronic obliterative bronchitis.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae – zmiany skórne i błon śluzowych (MIRM)
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- In contrast, patients afflicted with SJS/TEN often necessitate intensive care more frequently and face higher mortality rates.
- Within MIRM, 3 types differ in their cutaneous, non-mucosal rash patterns
- Notably, mucocutaneous manifestations occur in approximately 25% of patients with M pneumonia infections.
- This medication history may sometimes lead to a lower index of suspicion for infection during differential diagnosis evaluation (see Image. Mycoplasma pneumoniae–Induced Rash and Mucositis).
- Both M pneumoniae and MIRM occur mostly during the winter months.
- MIRM, a recently identified mucocutaneous entity, was introduced and coined in a 2015 systematic review by Canavan et al.